Cultivar: RASI'I


Cultivation Area(52)

Cultivation Area Synonym Paper Actions
Ajloun (Jordan) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Ajloun (Jordan) - AutochthonousRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Al-Mafraq (Jordan) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Al-Mafraq (Jordan) - AutochthonousRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Amman (Jordan) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Argentina (Argentina)MUHASAN01379: Le terre dove l’olivo è una coltura nuova.
Az Zarqa (Jordan) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Az Zarqa (Jordan) - AutochthonousRASIE00724: Effect of inflorescence position on the tree and on shoots on flower development and flower type in the olive.
Balaqa (Jordan) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Bet Shean valley (Israel) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN00458: The effect of complementary irrigation on the vegetative growth and yield of different olive cultivars in various growing regions.
Catamarca (Argentina)NABALI MUHASAN01161: L'OLIVICOLTURA IN SUDAMERICA: SITUAZIONE E PROSPETTIVE TECNICHE ED ECONOMICHE DI SVILUPPO. IN ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DELL'OLIVO ED., CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI OLIVICOLTURA, PP. 64-72. SPOLETO, ITALY.
Coastal plain (Israel) - AutochthonousIMPROVED NABALI00454: Olive cultivars in Israel.
Coastal plain (Israel) - AutochthonousMUHASAN01628: The effect of predetermined deficit irrigation on the performance of cv Muhasan olives (Olea europaea L.) in the eastern coastal plain of Israel.
Coastal plain (Israel) - AutochthonousIMPROVED NABALI01352: Rooting response of ‘Nabali’ and ‘Improved Nabali’ olive cuttings to indole butyric acid concentration and collection season.
Coastal plain (Israel) - AutochthonousIMPROVED NABALI01462: The present Israeli olive industry, 2006, its dynamics, achievements, problems and the R&D involved.
Coastal plain (Israel) - AutochthonousIMPROVED NABALI01352: Rooting response of ‘Nabali’ and ‘Improved Nabali’ olive cuttings to indole butyric acid concentration and collection season.
Galilee (Israel) - AutochthonousMUHASAN00458: The effect of complementary irrigation on the vegetative growth and yield of different olive cultivars in various growing regions.
Galilee (Israel) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN00462: Rootstock-scion interaction of olive trees.
Galilee (Israel) - AutochthonousMUHASAN00462: Rootstock-scion interaction of olive trees.
Gaza Strip and West Bank (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) - AutochthonousNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Gaza Strip and West Bank (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) - Autochthonous - 01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Gaza Strip and West Bank (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) - Autochthonous - 01391: L'oro della sponda sud del Mediterraneo.
Gaza Strip and West Bank (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) - AutochthonousRASEEI00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
Gaza Strip and West Bank (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
Gaza Strip and West Bank (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) - AutochthonousMUHASAN00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
Gaza Strip and West Bank (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) - AutochthonousNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Gaza Strip and West Bank (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
Irdid (Jordan) - AutochthonousRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Irdid (Jordan) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Israel (Israel) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN01462: The present Israeli olive industry, 2006, its dynamics, achievements, problems and the R&D involved.
Israel (Israel) - AutochthonousMUHASAN01627: Molecular characterization of common olive varieties in Israel and the West Bank randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) markes.
Israel (Israel) - AutochthonousMUHASAN01387: Tre nuove varietà di oliva semi-nanizzanti per la produzione di olive da tavola.
Israel (Israel) - AutochthonousMUHASAN01707: Enhancement of IBA stimulatory effect on rooting of olive cultivar stem cuttings.
Jerash (Jordan) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Jerash (Jordan) - AutochthonousRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Jordan (Jordan) - Autochthonous - 01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Jordan (Jordan) - Autochthonous - 01391: L'oro della sponda sud del Mediterraneo.
Jordan (Jordan) - Autochthonous - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Jordan (Jordan) - AutochthonousNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Jordan river (Jordan) - AutochthonousIMPROVED NABALI01352: Rooting response of ‘Nabali’ and ‘Improved Nabali’ olive cuttings to indole butyric acid concentration and collection season.
Jordan river (Jordan) - AutochthonousRASEEI00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
Jordan river (Jordan) - AutochthonousIMPROVED NABALI00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
Judea (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) - AutochthonousMUHASAN01628: The effect of predetermined deficit irrigation on the performance of cv Muhasan olives (Olea europaea L.) in the eastern coastal plain of Israel.
Judea (Israel) - AutochthonousMUHASAN01628: The effect of predetermined deficit irrigation on the performance of cv Muhasan olives (Olea europaea L.) in the eastern coastal plain of Israel.
La Rioja (Argentina)NABALI MUHASAN01161: L'OLIVICOLTURA IN SUDAMERICA: SITUAZIONE E PROSPETTIVE TECNICHE ED ECONOMICHE DI SVILUPPO. IN ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DELL'OLIVO ED., CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI OLIVICOLTURA, PP. 64-72. SPOLETO, ITALY.
Madaba (Jordan) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Mendoza (Argentina)NABALI MUHASAN01161: L'OLIVICOLTURA IN SUDAMERICA: SITUAZIONE E PROSPETTIVE TECNICHE ED ECONOMICHE DI SVILUPPO. IN ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DELL'OLIVO ED., CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI OLIVICOLTURA, PP. 64-72. SPOLETO, ITALY.
Nablus (Israel) - AutochthonousMUHASAN01462: The present Israeli olive industry, 2006, its dynamics, achievements, problems and the R&D involved.
Qalqilia (Palestinian Territory, Occupied) - AutochthonousNABALI MUHASAN01773: Molecular characterization of three common olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars in Palestine, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.
Syrian Arab Republic (Syrian Arab Republic)NABALI MUHASAN01752: Following olive footprints in Syria.
Tafelah (Jordan) - AutochthonousRASEI01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Tafelah (Jordan) - AutochthonousRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.

Synonym(47)

Synonym Cultivation Area Paper Actions
IMPROVED NABALICoastal plain - Israel (Autochthonous)01352: Rooting response of ‘Nabali’ and ‘Improved Nabali’ olive cuttings to indole butyric acid concentration and collection season.
IMPROVED NABALIJordan river - Jordan (Autochthonous)01352: Rooting response of ‘Nabali’ and ‘Improved Nabali’ olive cuttings to indole butyric acid concentration and collection season.
IMPROVED NABALICoastal plain - Israel (Autochthonous)01462: The present Israeli olive industry, 2006, its dynamics, achievements, problems and the R&D involved.
IMPROVED NABALICoastal plain - Israel (Autochthonous)01352: Rooting response of ‘Nabali’ and ‘Improved Nabali’ olive cuttings to indole butyric acid concentration and collection season.
IMPROVED NABALICoastal plain - Israel (Autochthonous)00454: Olive cultivars in Israel.
IMPROVED NABALIJordan river - Jordan (Autochthonous)00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
MUHASANIsrael - Israel (Autochthonous)01387: Tre nuove varietà di oliva semi-nanizzanti per la produzione di olive da tavola.
MUHASANIsrael - Israel (Autochthonous)01707: Enhancement of IBA stimulatory effect on rooting of olive cultivar stem cuttings.
MUHASANCoastal plain - Israel (Autochthonous)01628: The effect of predetermined deficit irrigation on the performance of cv Muhasan olives (Olea europaea L.) in the eastern coastal plain of Israel.
MUHASANJudea - Palestinian Territory, Occupied (Autochthonous)01628: The effect of predetermined deficit irrigation on the performance of cv Muhasan olives (Olea europaea L.) in the eastern coastal plain of Israel.
MUHASANJudea - Israel (Autochthonous)01628: The effect of predetermined deficit irrigation on the performance of cv Muhasan olives (Olea europaea L.) in the eastern coastal plain of Israel.
MUHASANIsrael - Israel (Autochthonous)01627: Molecular characterization of common olive varieties in Israel and the West Bank randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) markes.
MUHASANNablus - Israel (Autochthonous)01462: The present Israeli olive industry, 2006, its dynamics, achievements, problems and the R&D involved.
MUHASANArgentina - Argentina01379: Le terre dove l’olivo è una coltura nuova.
MUHASANGaza Strip and West Bank - Palestinian Territory, Occupied (Autochthonous)00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
MUHASANGalilee - Israel (Autochthonous)00458: The effect of complementary irrigation on the vegetative growth and yield of different olive cultivars in various growing regions.
MUHASANGalilee - Israel (Autochthonous)00462: Rootstock-scion interaction of olive trees.
NABALIGaza Strip and West Bank - Palestinian Territory, Occupied (Autochthonous)01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
NABALIJordan - Jordan (Autochthonous)01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
NABALI MOHASSANGaza Strip and West Bank - Palestinian Territory, Occupied (Autochthonous)01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
NABALI MUHASANSyrian Arab Republic - Syrian Arab Republic01752: Following olive footprints in Syria.
NABALI MUHASANCatamarca - Argentina01161: L'OLIVICOLTURA IN SUDAMERICA: SITUAZIONE E PROSPETTIVE TECNICHE ED ECONOMICHE DI SVILUPPO. IN ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DELL'OLIVO ED., CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI OLIVICOLTURA, PP. 64-72. SPOLETO, ITALY.
NABALI MUHASANAz Zarqa - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
NABALI MUHASANMadaba - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
NABALI MUHASANAmman - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
NABALI MUHASANBalaqa - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
NABALI MUHASANAjloun - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
NABALI MUHASANJerash - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
NABALI MUHASANIrdid - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
NABALI MUHASANAl-Mafraq - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
NABALI MUHASANQalqilia - Palestinian Territory, Occupied (Autochthonous)01773: Molecular characterization of three common olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars in Palestine, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.
NABALI MUHASANIsrael - Israel (Autochthonous)01462: The present Israeli olive industry, 2006, its dynamics, achievements, problems and the R&D involved.
NABALI MUHASANGalilee - Israel (Autochthonous)00462: Rootstock-scion interaction of olive trees.
NABALI MUHASANGaza Strip and West Bank - Palestinian Territory, Occupied (Autochthonous)00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
NABALI MUHASANLa Rioja - Argentina01161: L'OLIVICOLTURA IN SUDAMERICA: SITUAZIONE E PROSPETTIVE TECNICHE ED ECONOMICHE DI SVILUPPO. IN ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DELL'OLIVO ED., CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI OLIVICOLTURA, PP. 64-72. SPOLETO, ITALY.
NABALI MUHASANBet Shean valley - Israel (Autochthonous)00458: The effect of complementary irrigation on the vegetative growth and yield of different olive cultivars in various growing regions.
NABALI MUHASANMendoza - Argentina01161: L'OLIVICOLTURA IN SUDAMERICA: SITUAZIONE E PROSPETTIVE TECNICHE ED ECONOMICHE DI SVILUPPO. IN ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DELL'OLIVO ED., CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI OLIVICOLTURA, PP. 64-72. SPOLETO, ITALY.
NABALI MUHASANGaza Strip and West Bank - Palestinian Territory, Occupied (Autochthonous)00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
RASEEIJordan river - Jordan (Autochthonous)00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
RASEEIGaza Strip and West Bank - Palestinian Territory, Occupied (Autochthonous)00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
RASEITafelah - Jordan (Autochthonous)01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
RASEITafelah - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
RASEIAl-Mafraq - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
RASEIIrdid - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
RASEIAjloun - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
RASEIJerash - Jordan (Autochthonous)01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
RASIEAz Zarqa - Jordan (Autochthonous)00724: Effect of inflorescence position on the tree and on shoots on flower development and flower type in the olive.

Abiotic Stress(9)

Descriptor Value Synonym Paper Actions
Cold Low - 01391: L'oro della sponda sud del Mediterraneo.
Cold LowNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Drought Low - 01391: L'oro della sponda sud del Mediterraneo.
Drought LowMUHASAN01628: The effect of predetermined deficit irrigation on the performance of cv Muhasan olives (Olea europaea L.) in the eastern coastal plain of Israel.
Drought LowNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Salinity Low - 01391: L'oro della sponda sud del Mediterraneo.
Salinity Medium - 01700: The use of saline water for irrigation of olives: effects on growth, physiology, yield and oil quality.
Salinity Medium - 04032: Environmental stress an sustainable olive growing.
Salinity MediumNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.

Agronomical Characters(32)

Descriptor Value Synonym Paper Actions
Flower-Fertility Partially-self-compatibleIMPROVED NABALI00454: Olive cultivars in Israel.
Flower-Fertility Self-compatibleNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Oil content (FW) HighNABALI00986: Maalot una nuova cultivar resistente in campo all'Occhio di Pavone (Spilocaea oleagina, Cast.).
Oil content (FW) LowIMPROVED NABALI00454: Olive cultivars in Israel.
Oil content (FW) LowMUHASAN01387: Tre nuove varietà di oliva semi-nanizzanti per la produzione di olive da tavola.
Oil content (FW) Medium - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Oil content (FW) MediumIMPROVED NABALI00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
Oil content (FW) MediumNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Oil content (FW) MediumRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Oil smell FruityRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Oil taste FatRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Oil taste SweetRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Oil-Chemical composition of oil (%) Arachidic acid Low - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Oil-Chemical composition of oil (%) Behenic acid Low - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Oil-Chemical composition of oil (%) Linoleic acid Medium - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Oil-Chemical composition of oil (%) Linolenic acid Medium - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Oil-Chemical composition of oil (%) Oleic acid Medium - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Oil-Chemical composition of oil (%) Oleic acid MediumRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Oil-Chemical composition of oil (%) Palmitic acid Medium - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Oil-Chemical composition of oil (%) Stearic acid Medium - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Rooting ability (Induced) High - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Rooting ability (Induced) High - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Rooting ability (Induced) HighRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Rooting ability (Induced) LowIMPROVED NABALI01352: Rooting response of ‘Nabali’ and ‘Improved Nabali’ olive cuttings to indole butyric acid concentration and collection season.
Rooting ability (Induced) LowMUHASAN01707: Enhancement of IBA stimulatory effect on rooting of olive cultivar stem cuttings.
Rooting ability (Induced) LowNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Rooting ability (Induced) Medium - 00261: Effetto dell'IBA sul radicamento delle talee foglifere dell'olivo.
Rooting ability (Natural) LowMUHASAN01707: Enhancement of IBA stimulatory effect on rooting of olive cultivar stem cuttings.
Tree-Productivity Good-alternateNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Tree-Productivity Good-alternateRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Tree-Productivity Good-constantIMPROVED NABALI00454: Olive cultivars in Israel.
Tree-Productivity Good-constantK 1800452: L'olivicoltura da mensa in Israele: situazione attuale e prospettive future.

Biotic Stress(3)

Descriptor Value Synonym Paper Actions
Gloeosporium olivarum HighNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Spilocaea oleaginea High - 00453: Aims, methods, and advances in breeding of new olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Spilocaea oleaginea High - 00986: Maalot una nuova cultivar resistente in campo all'Occhio di Pavone (Spilocaea oleagina, Cast.).

Enviroment(8)

Descriptor Value Synonym Paper Actions
Purpose Double-purposeNABALI01015: World catalogue of olive varieties.
Purpose Double-purposeNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Purpose Double-purposeRASEI01737: Following olive footprints in Jordan.
Purpose Oil - 01461: The olive industry in Jordan.
Purpose TableIMPROVED NABALI00454: Olive cultivars in Israel.
Purpose TableIMPROVED NABALI00694: A study on the recent growing of a rapidly propagating olive cultivar mis-named “Improved Nabali” and its effect on impeding the West Banck olive industry.
Purpose TableIMPROVED NABALI01462: The present Israeli olive industry, 2006, its dynamics, achievements, problems and the R&D involved.
Purpose TableMUHASAN01387: Tre nuove varietà di oliva semi-nanizzanti per la produzione di olive da tavola.

Molecular Markers(5)

Descriptor Value Synonym Paper Actions
Molecular markers RAPD - 01411: Genetic analysis of olive genotipes (Olea europaea L.) using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).
Molecular markers RAPDMUHASAN01627: Molecular characterization of common olive varieties in Israel and the West Bank randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) markes.
Molecular markers RAPDYUVARLAK ÇELEBI01666: Olive cultivar identification using nuclear RAPDS and mitochondrial RFLPS.
Molecular markers SSRNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Molecular markers SSRNABALI MUHASAN01773: Molecular characterization of three common olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars in Palestine, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.

Morphological Characters(13)

Descriptor Value Synonym Paper Actions
Inflorescence number flowers LowZARRAZI01274: Importanza dell’impollinazione incrociata per alcune varietà di olivo in condizionidi coltura intensive e irrigue.
Leaf apex angle OpenNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Leaf base angle OpenNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Leaf curvature of longitudinal axis of blade FlatNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Leaf length (L) MediumNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Leaf lower page colour Green-grayNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Leaf maximum width Central-apexNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Leaf shape (L/w) Elliptic-lanceolateNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Leaf upper page colour Dark-greenNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Leaf width (w) MediumNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Tree-Branches attitude SpreadingNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Tree-Canopy density MediumNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
Tree-Internode length MediumNABALI MOHASSAN01683: Morphological and genetical characterization of the main Palestinian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars.
OleaDB - Edit in Sesto Fiorentino - Italy from January 2008